09月11日

Born in 1182, Minamoto no Yoriie succeeded his father, Minamoto no Yoritomo, as the second shogun of the Kamakura shogunate. His rule was overshadowed by the Hōjō clan, especially his mother, Hōjō Masako, who wielded significant influence. He struggled to assert authority amid court intrigue and power struggles with rival factions. In 1203, he was deposed by Hōjō Tokimasa and confined, ending his brief rule. The following year, Yoriie was assassinated, an event that cemented Hōjō control over the shogunate.

Born in Venice in 1364, Christine de Pizan moved to France following her father's death and became a court poet and author. She produced a prolific body of work, including poems, allegories, and political treatises. Her most famous work, The Book of the City of Ladies, defended women against misogynistic attacks and laid early foundations for feminist thought. She wrote biographies of notable women and moral advice literature, earning respect from contemporaries like Charles V. Pizan's writings offered insights into medieval society and championed the intellect and virtues of women. She died in 1430, leaving a lasting legacy as a trailblazing female intellectual.

Born in 1611 into the noble La Tour d'Auvergne family, Turenne began military service during the Thirty Years' War. He rose to prominence under Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, distinguishing himself with innovative tactics and leadership. Elevated to marshal of France, he commanded royal armies in campaigns across Germany and the Low Countries. Known for his undefeated record, Turenne balanced bold assaults with careful planning, earning admiration from allies and foes alike. In 1675, while campaigning against the Holy Roman Empire, he was struck by a cannonball and died in battle. His legacy endures as one of France's greatest military commanders.

Born in 1617, Asano Mitsuakira succeeded his father as the leader of the Hiroshima Domain. He managed extensive landholdings in present-day Hiroshima Prefecture, overseeing agricultural development and domain governance. Mitsuakira is credited with promoting castle town improvements and supporting local crafts and trade. His administration maintained stability during a period of national peace under the Tokugawa shogunate. He ruled until his death in 1693, leaving a well-managed domain that continued to thrive under his successors.

Born in 1719, Tanuma Okitsugu rose through the ranks of the Tokugawa bureaucracy to become a powerful rōjū (senior councilor). During his tenure in the 1760s and 1770s, he introduced mercantilist policies, promoted domestic industry, and relaxed trade restrictions to address fiscal deficits. His era saw increased commodity production and urban growth, but also allegations of corruption and nepotism. Political opposition mounted, culminating in his removal in 1786. Despite his controversial downfall, Tanuma's reforms paved the way for later modernization efforts in Japan. He died in 1788, remembered as a bold but polarizing figure in Edo governance.

Born in 1725, Aoyama Yukimichi became the second daimyō of Miyazu Domain in present-day Kyoto Prefecture. In 1758, he was transferred to rule the newly created Gujō Domain in Mino Province, managing its economic and administrative affairs. Yukimichi focused on agricultural improvements, fiscal reforms, and the welfare of his retainers. He supported education and local craftsmanship to strengthen domain resilience. His governance is noted for maintaining peace and prosperity during an era of national stability under the Tokugawa regime. He passed away in 1779, leaving a legacy of diligent leadership.

Born in 1811, Miyake Yasunao succeeded as leader of Tahara Domain in present-day Aichi Prefecture. His tenure occurred during the turbulent Bakumatsu era, which saw internal unrest and the opening of Japan to foreign influence. Yasunao implemented administrative reforms to strengthen his domain's finances and defense. He witnessed the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the Meiji Restoration, which abolished the han system in 1871. Adaptable to change, he and his retainers transitioned into the new imperial government structure. Miyake Yasunao died in 1893, one of the last former daimyō to experience Japan's rapid modernization.

Born in 1824, Jakob Bernays studied classical languages and philosophy at German universities. He became a professor of classical philology, specializing in Greek and Latin grammar. Bernays published critical editions and commentaries on ancient texts, contributing to a deeper understanding of classical literature. His scholarly approach combined linguistic precision with philosophical insight. He influenced a generation of philologists through both his teaching and writings. Bernays died in 1881, leaving behind significant contributions to the field of comparative linguistics.

Born in 1825 in Prague, Eduard Hanslick studied law before turning to music history and criticism. As the principal critic for the Neue Freie Presse in Vienna, he promoted composers like Johannes Brahms while opposing the New German School led by Wagner. His seminal work, Vom Musikalisch-Schönen (On the Musically Beautiful), articulated a theory of musical aesthetics that emphasized form and structure over programmatic content. Hanslick's clear prose and strong opinions made him one of the most respected and controversial voices in European music. He remained active in criticism until his death in 1904, profoundly influencing the reception of Romantic-era composers.

Born in 1854, Heinrich Edmund Naumann was invited by the Meiji government to survey Japan's geology and natural resources. He conducted extensive fieldwork across the Japanese archipelago, mapping rock formations and identifying mineral deposits. Naumann's research laid the scientific foundation for Japan's mining industry and natural science education. He served as a professor at Tokyo Imperial University, training the first generation of Japanese geologists. His discoveries included fossilized ichthyosaur remains and coal deposits, which supported industrial development. Naumann died in 1927, leaving a lasting legacy as a foundational figure in Japanese earth sciences.

本名ウィリアム・シドニー・ポーターとして1862年にアメリカのノースカロライナ州で生まれる。銀行員として働いた後、私生活のトラブルから投獄されるが、その経験を活かして短編小説の執筆を開始。巧みなストーリーテリングとどんでん返しの結末が特徴で、社会の末端に生きる人々を温かく描いた。代表作『賢者の贈り物』はクリスマスを題材とした感動的な物語として広く愛される。1910年にニューヨークで逝去した後も、その手法やユーモアあふれる語り口は多くの作家に影響を与え続けている。

1863年に生まれ、博文館を設立して雑誌『少年倶楽部』『婦人公論』などを刊行し、近代日本の出版文化発展に寄与。衆議院議員として活動し、教育振興や言論の自由を支持。また、地方産業の振興にも関心を寄せ、地域紙の支援を通じて地方自治の発展を後押しした。晩年は社会事業にも尽力し、1944年に逝去。彼の業績は戦前の日本におけるマスメディアの基盤を築いた点で高く評価される。