07月28日

401年にコンスタンティノープルで生まれる。 408年に若年で即位し、約42年間の長期政権を維持。 首都を守るため西側に「テオドシウスの城壁」を建設。 法典編纂を推進し、テオドシウス法典として後世のローマ法に大きな影響を与える。 神権論的立場で教会との関係調整にも尽力。 450年に死去し、東ローマ帝国の安定に貢献した。

1485年にイングランドの小貴族の家に生まれる。 法律顧問や議員を経て、王室での影響力を高める。 1532年頃からヘンリー8世の側近となり、離婚問題とイングランド国教会設立を推進。 1534年に最高裁判所長官に就任し、修道院解散令で教会財産を国庫に還元。 課税改革や財政管理にも尽力し、近代的な国家運営の基礎を築いた。 1540年にアン・オブ・クレーヴズ離婚交渉の失敗により反逆罪で処刑される。

1553年に三河国で生まれる。 徳川家康に仕え、幕府成立後は幕政に深く関与。 1616年に老中に就任し、幕府の行政・財政を管理。 小田原藩5万石の大名として城下町整備や治世に尽力。 幕藩体制の基盤強化に貢献し、国内安定を支える。 1628年に江戸で死去し、幕府重臣としての功績を残した。

1758年にパリ近郊で生まれ、法律家として活動を始める。 1789年の三部会改革に参加し、ジャコバン派の指導的存在となる。 1793年に治安委員会の一員となり、『恐怖政治』を推進し反革命勢力を厳しく取り締まる。 公共福祉や社会改革も提案し、革命の理念実現に尽力。 1794年に反対派の陰謀で逮捕・処刑され、革命の過激化を象徴する存在となる。 その思想と行動は、今日も賛否両論を呼び続けている。

Born in 1767, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just rose to prominence as a fervent voice during the French Revolution. As one of the youngest members of the Committee of Public Safety, he advocated for radical egalitarian reforms and played a key role in the Reign of Terror. A close ally of Maximilien Robespierre, he was known for his uncompromising stance on virtue and revolutionary justice. His impassioned speeches and writings inspired both admiration and fear. In 1794, at just 26 years old, he was arrested and executed, cementing his legacy as one of the Revolution’s most charismatic and controversial figures.

Born in 1755, Georges Couthon became a leading figure during the French Revolution, serving on the Committee of Public Safety alongside Robespierre and Saint-Just. Despite suffering from a debilitating illness, he was known for his unwavering dedication to revolutionary ideals and legal reforms. Couthon played a significant role in the Reign of Terror, overseeing trials and executions to protect the nascent Republic. His meticulous approach to governance earned him both respect and infamy. In 1794, he was arrested and guillotined, remembered for his commitment to justice and the revolutionary cause.

Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot, born in 1761, served as Mayor of Paris at the height of the French Revolution. A passionate revolutionary, he led the city’s administration during turbulent times and was responsible for maintaining order in the capital. Known for his firm stance against counter-revolutionaries, he became a prominent figure in Parisian politics. His tenure was marked by strict enforcement of revolutionary laws and public safety measures. In 1794, he was arrested and executed, becoming one of the many municipal leaders who fell victim to the Revolution’s internal conflicts.

Selim III, born in 1761, ascended the Ottoman throne in 1789 and ruled as the 28th Sultan. He attempted to modernize the empire through the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) military and administrative reforms, inspired by European models. His efforts to strengthen the military and streamline government met with resistance from traditionalist factions. Despite his visionary plans, he faced internal opposition and was deposed in 1807. Selim was murdered in 1808, but his reforms laid groundwork for later modernization in the Ottoman state.

Édouard Mortier, born in 1768, distinguished himself as a soldier during the French Revolutionary Wars and became one of Napoleon’s trusted Marshals. Awarded the title Duke of Treviso, he led troops in key battles across Europe. After his military career, he served briefly as Prime Minister under Napoleon I, overseeing important administrative reforms. Mortier’s leadership combined tactical skill with diplomatic acumen. He died in 1835, remembered for his contributions to both the battlefield and the governance of France.

Joseph Bonaparte, born in 1768, was the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte and served as King of Naples (1806–1808) and later King of Spain (1808–1813). His reigns were marked by attempts to implement Napoleonic reforms in law and administration. Despite facing resistance from local elites, he promoted modern education and infrastructure. After Napoleon’s fall, Joseph lived in exile, continuing to influence European politics through diplomacy and letters. He died in 1844, remembered as a regal figure who balanced loyalty to his brother with his own governing style.

Charles Albert of Sardinia, born in 1796, ascended to the throne in 1831 and sought to modernize his kingdom with legal and political reforms. He granted the Albertine Statute in 1848, establishing a constitutional monarchy and paving the way for Italian unification. Although defeated by Austrian forces, his efforts inspired the Risorgimento movement. Known for his cultural patronage and military leadership, he abdicated in 1849 after defeat at Novara. He died later that year in exile, remembered as a pivotal figure in Italy’s path to unification.

久世広周は1819年に生まれ、老中として幕府の政務を統括した。関宿藩主として藩政改革に取り組み、財政再建や治安維持に努めた。幕末の動乱期には外国との交渉や幕政改革を推進し、幕府存続のために奮闘した。1864年に元治元年6月25日（旧暦）に没し、その人生を閉じた。