07月02日

Born in AD 419, Valentinian III ascended the throne at a young age under the regency of his mother, Galla Placidia. His reign was marked by power struggles among generals and the growing threat of the Visigoths and Huns. He negotiated treaties with Attila the Hun but ultimately struggled to defend Italy from invasions. Valentinian’s rule ended abruptly when he was murdered in 455, a turning point in the decline of the Western Roman Empire. His reign is often cited as emblematic of the political instability that led to the empire’s collapse.

Born into the Toyama clan in 1661, he became the Daimyo of Naegi Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. He governed a small but strategically located domain in Mino Province and oversaw local administration. During his rule, he maintained the sankin-kotai system and managed domain finances and agricultural production. He navigated the challenges of Edo-period governance while upholding his clan's status. Toyama Tomoharu's tenure as daimyo reflected the complexities of regional rule during Japan’s peace era.

Born in 1698, he succeeded his father as Duke of Modena and Reggio. An advocate of Enlightenment ideas, he modernized his court and supported the arts and sciences. He commissioned architectural projects and cultivated a vibrant cultural scene in Modena. Under his leadership, the duchy experienced administrative reforms and increased intellectual exchange. Francesco’s reign balanced traditional authority with a growing interest in progressive European thought.

Born in 1705 to the Ogasawara family, he became the Daimyo of Echizen-Katsuyama Domain at a young age. He managed domain affairs under the watchful eye of the Tokugawa bakufu and followed sankin-kotai obligations. His administration focused on maintaining agrarian productivity and local order. Despite the rigid social structures of the time, he upheld his clan’s traditions and responsibilities. Ogasawara Nobunari’s brief tenure reflected the day-to-day governance of a smaller Edo-period fief.

Christoph Willibald Gluck was born in 1714 and became a leading figure in opera reform. Rejecting the ornate excesses of opera seria, he sought to integrate music with emotional drama. His works, including "Orfeo ed Euridice" and "Alceste", prioritized storytelling and expressive melodies. Gluck influenced composers such as Mozart and laid the groundwork for classical opera. He served various European courts, including Vienna and Paris, championing his new aesthetic. His contributions reshaped the operatic tradition and resonated throughout the Western musical canon.

Born in 1745 into the Wakisaka clan, he inherited leadership of Tatsuno Domain. He governed under the Tokugawa shogunate’s strict feudal order, fulfilling sankin-kotai duties. His tenure was marked by efforts to stabilize the domain’s finances and support local agriculture. Though ruling a modest territory, he maintained his samurai household and local shrines. Wakisaka Yasumi’s rule exemplified the obligations of mid-ranking daimyo in Edo Japan.

Born in Geneva in 1750, François Huber lost his sight early but pursued an interest in natural history. He collaborated with his wife, Catherine, to observe bees through a custom-designed hive with glass walls. His detailed experiments revealed the social structure, communication methods, and gender roles within colonies. Huber’s work culminated in the influential "Nouvelles observations sur les abeilles" published in 1814. He became a member of several scientific academies and inspired future research in ethology. Huber’s legacy endures in the field of apiology and the study of insect societies.

Born in 1819, Thomas Anderson studied at the University of Edinburgh and became a professor of chemistry. He is credited with the discovery of pyridine and the study of alkaloids extracted from plants. Anderson’s work expanded understanding of organic compounds and their applications. He served as chemistry professor, mentoring a generation of British scientists. His research and published papers influenced pharmaceutical chemistry and laboratory education. Anderson’s contributions helped lay foundations for modern organic and medicinal chemistry.

Born in 1819, Charles-Louis Anon devoted his career to Parisian music salons and church services. He composed works for piano and organ, blending Romantic sensibilities with classical forms. As a sought-after piano teacher, he instructed students who went on to perform and teach across France. Anon held organist positions at several Parisian churches, contributing to liturgical music. Though lesser known today, his pedagogical pieces and performances enriched 19th-century French musical life.

Born in 1824, he succeeded as the daimyo of Tosa Domain at a young age. As head of one of Shikoku’s principal fiefs, he managed domain affairs under the Tokugawa shogunate. His short rule focused on maintaining stable governance and supporting agricultural development. He oversaw domain administration including land management and samurai stipends. Despite his early death at 24, his reign maintained continuity in the domain before later reforms.

1830年（文政13年）5月12日に誕生。 在任中は藩政改革や財政再建、産業振興に注力。 農村整備や教育制度の整備にも力を入れ、領民の生活向上を図った。 また幕末の動乱期には藩外との交渉や防衛体制の強化に取り組んだ。 1866年に家督を譲り、同年に没した。

1834年（天保5年）5月26日に生まれる。 淀藩主として財政再建や人材登用を推進。 明治維新後は華族に列し、子爵の爵位を授かる。 近代日本の貴族社会の形成に関与した。 1898年に没し、その功績が顕彰された。