05月30日

Johann Adam Kulmus was born in 1689 and studied medicine at the University of Halle, where he later became a professor of anatomy. He published detailed anatomical tables that improved the teaching of human dissection across Europe. His work emphasized precision and clarity in anatomical illustration, setting new standards for medical education. Kulmus's texts were widely used throughout the 18th century and translated into multiple languages. He contributed significantly to the advancement of anatomical knowledge during the Enlightenment. He passed away in 1745, leaving a lasting impact on the field of anatomy.

Ottomar Anschütz was born in 1846 in Lissa, Prussia, and trained as a musician before turning to photography and electrical engineering. He invented the Electrotachyscope, an early device for displaying rapid sequences of photographs, laying groundwork for motion pictures. His precise chronophotographic studies captured horses in motion and other rapid phenomena with unprecedented clarity. Anschütz's work attracted international attention, leading to exhibitions across Europe and North America. He also contributed to improvements in electric lighting and camera design. He died in 1907, leaving a lasting impact on both photography and the emerging film industry.

Wilbur Wright was born in 1867 in Millville, Indiana, and, with his brother Orville, founded the Wright Cycle Company to fund their aeronautical experiments. Their systematic studies of aerodynamics and pioneering glider flights culminated in the historic first powered flight at Kitty Hawk in 1903. Wilbur played a central role in designing the Wright Flyer and conducting early demonstrations that convinced the world of heavier-than-air flight's feasibility. After patenting their technology, the brothers collaborated with various governments and companies to advance aviation. Wilbur's achievements helped launch the aerospace age and transform global transportation. He died in 1912, but his legacy endures in modern flight.

1898年にハンガリーで生まれたレオ・シラードは、1933年に原子核連鎖反応の可能性を提唱し、マンハッタン計画の草創期に重要な役割を果たしました。アインシュタインと共に大統領宛の手紙を起草し核兵器開発を促進しました。戦後は核軍縮と平和利用を訴え、『核の平和利用』の概念を普及させました。生涯を通じて科学技術の倫理的側面に関心を寄せた先駆者です。1964年、ニューヨークで逝去しました。

1899年にデンマークで生まれたルイス・M・イェルムスレウは、言語を記号体系と捉えるグロッセマティクスを提唱しました。彼は言語の形式構造を厳密に分析し、現代言語学の理論的基礎を築きました。主要著作には『言語理論』などがあり、意味論と言語構造の関係を探究しました。コペンハーゲン大学で教鞭を執り、多くの研究者を育てました。1965年、同地で逝去しました。