1018day.year
Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen.
In 1018, Poland and the Holy Roman Empire signed the Peace of Bautzen, ending years of territorial disputes and establishing a new balance of power.
After decades of border skirmishes, Duke Bolesław I of Poland and Holy Roman Emperor Henry II negotiated terms at Bautzen. The treaty ceded Lusatia and parts of Upper Lusatia to Poland while recognizing imperial authority elsewhere. It marked Poland’s emergence as a regional power and halted costly military campaigns. Trade and diplomatic relations improved as both sides focused on internal consolidation. The agreement laid groundwork for future interactions between Central European states.
1018
Poland
Holy Roman Empire
Peace of Bautzen
1287day.year
King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom.
In 1287, Wareru established the Hanthawaddy Kingdom and declared independence from the declining Pagan Kingdom, founding a new Burmese polity.
Amid the collapse of the Pagan Empire, Wareru, a regional governor, seized control of Lower Burma and declared himself king. He chose the city of Bago as his capital, laying the foundations of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Wareru secured recognition from the Mongol Yuan dynasty, strengthening his rule. His new kingdom became a center of Mon culture and maritime trade. The independence of Hanthawaddy reshaped power dynamics in Southeast Asia for over two centuries.
1287
Wareru
Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Pagan Kingdom
1648day.year
Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain.
On January 30, 1648, the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück were signed, ending the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic.
Negotiated as part of the Peace of Westphalia, the twin treaties formalized Dutch independence after decades of rebellion against Spanish rule. The agreements granted the Dutch Republic sovereignty, lifted blockades, and regulated trade in contested regions. They also redefined European diplomacy by introducing principles of state sovereignty. The peace marked the decline of Spanish Habsburg power and the rise of the Netherlands as a major maritime and commercial power. These treaties reshaped political boundaries and set precedents for modern international law.
1648
Eighty Years' War
Treaty of Münster and Osnabrück
1649day.year
Charles I of England is executed in Whitehall, London.
Charles I was executed on January 30, 1649 at Whitehall, ending his reign and dramatically altering the course of English history.
After months of trial by a specially convened court, King Charles I was found guilty of high treason. His execution outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall marked the first regicide of an English monarch by his own subjects. The event shocked Europe and ushered in the era of the English Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. It symbolized a temporary victory for parliamentary power over divine-right monarchy. The long-term aftermath included the brief abolition of the monarchy and set the stage for the Restoration in 1660.
1649
Charles I of England
1661day.year
Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, is ritually executed more than two years after his death, on the 12th anniversary of the execution of the monarch he himself deposed.
On January 30, 1661, the exhumed corpse of Oliver Cromwell was ritually executed in a posthumous act of vengeance following the Restoration.
After Charles II regained the throne, Parliament ordered the bodies of Cromwell and two fellow regicides to be exhumed. The mutilated remains were symbolically hanged at Tyburn and then beheaded. Their heads were displayed on spikes outside Westminster Hall as a warning to republicans. This macabre episode reflected deep political and personal vindictiveness during the Restoration. Despite the desecration, Cromwell’s reputation endured, influencing future debates on governance and tyranny.
1661
Oliver Cromwell
Lord Protector
Commonwealth of England
ritually executed
the monarch
1667day.year
The Truce of Andrusovo is signed, ending the Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667
The Truce of Andrusovo was signed on January 30, 1667, ending the long Russian-Polish War and redrawing eastern European borders.
Negotiations between Tsarist Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth concluded at Andrusovo near Smolensk. Under the agreement, Russia retained control of Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev, while Poland kept Right-bank Ukraine. The truce halted over a decade of brutal fighting and shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe. It also affected the Cossack Hetmanate’s autonomy and trade routes along the Dnieper River. The settlement held for fourteen years and paved the way for later partitions of Poland.
1667
The Truce of Andrusovo
Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667
1835day.year
In the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States, Richard Lawrence attempts to shoot president Andrew Jackson, but fails and is subdued by a crowd, including several congressmen as well as Jackson himself.
In 1835, Richard Lawrence attempted to assassinate President Andrew Jackson, marking the first such attempt in U.S. history; both of his pistols misfired, and he was quickly overpowered by Jackson and bystanders.
In January 1835, unemployed house painter Richard Lawrence approached President Andrew Jackson as he left a funeral at the U.S. Capitol.
He fired both pistols at close range, but inexplicably both misfired, sparing Jackson's life.
Undeterred, Lawrence lunged at the President again but was subdued by Jackson himself, aided by members of Congress and nearby citizens.
This dramatic incident became the United States' first recorded presidential assassination attempt.
Public and political reaction sparked debates over presidential security and mental health issues.
Though Jackson emerged unscathed physically, the episode led to heightened awareness and eventual reforms in protecting heads of state.
1835
Richard Lawrence
Andrew Jackson
1847day.year
Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco, California.
On January 30, 1847, the settlement of Yerba Buena in Alta California was officially renamed San Francisco, reflecting its growing prominence and strategic harbor.
In the midst of the Mexican–American War and American settlement of California, the small pueblo of Yerba Buena underwent a symbolic transformation.
On January 30, 1847, municipal authorities adopted the name San Francisco, honoring the nearby bay and the Spanish mission established in 1776.
This change signified the region's shift from a Mexican outpost to an Americanizing community.
The new name aligned the town with the bay's strategic harbor, fostering trade and immigration.
San Francisco rapidly grew during the Gold Rush just two years later, evolving into a major port city.
Today, the 1847 renaming marks the humble origins of one of America's most iconic cities.
1847
Yerba Buena, California
San Francisco, California
1889day.year
Archduke Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian crown, is found dead with his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera in the Mayerling.
Archduke Rudolf of Austria and his mistress Mary Vetsera were found dead in an apparent murder–suicide at Mayerling in 1889.
On the morning of January 30, 1889, Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and Baroness Mary Vetsera were discovered dead at the imperial hunting lodge in Mayerling.
Initially reported as a tragic accident, it soon became known as a possible murder–suicide driven by Rudolf's personal despair.
Rudolf's liberal political views clashed with his conservative father, Emperor Franz Joseph, adding intrigue to the scandal.
The event shook the Habsburg monarchy and fueled rumors about the empire's future stability.
The Mayerling incident inspired numerous books, plays, and films, cementing its place in European cultural memory.
Controversies and theories surrounding the deaths continue to captivate historians and the public alike.
1889
Archduke
Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria
Austro-Hungarian
Baroness Mary Vetsera
Mayerling
1902day.year
The first Anglo-Japanese Alliance is signed in London.
The first Anglo-Japanese Alliance was signed in London in 1902, forging a landmark military and diplomatic partnership.
On January 30, 1902, representatives of Great Britain and the Empire of Japan met at Lansdowne House in London to sign a formal alliance.
This pact marked the first time a Western power allied with an Asian nation on equal terms, reflecting Japan's rising international stature.
The agreement stipulated mutual support against aggression by multiple powers, primarily aimed at countering Russian influence in East Asia.
It shifted the balance of power in the region and laid the groundwork for Japan's successes in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05.
The alliance fostered deeper political and economic ties between the two island nations, influencing diplomatic strategies for years to come.
Although it expired in 1923, the 1902 pact remains a milestone in early 20th-century international relations.
1902
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
London
1908day.year
Indian pacifist and leader Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is released from prison by Jan C. Smuts after being tried and sentenced to two months in jail earlier in the month.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was released from prison in South Africa in 1908 after serving two months for leading passive resistance campaigns.
In January 1908, Indian lawyer and activist Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was freed from Pretoria's Marshall Square Prison after completing a two-month sentence.
Gandhi had been arrested for organizing nonviolent protests against discriminatory laws targeting the Indian community in South Africa.
His imprisonment only strengthened his commitment to Satyagraha, the philosophy of nonviolent resistance.
British statesman Jan C. Smuts authorized his release, recognizing Gandhi's moral authority and leadership potential.
This period marked a crucial turning point in Gandhi's transformation into a global icon of civil disobedience.
His experiences in South Africa laid the foundation for the mass movements he would later lead in India's struggle for independence.
1908
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Jan C. Smuts
1925day.year
The Government of Turkey expels Patriarch Constantine VI from Istanbul.
In 1925, the secular Turkish government expelled Patriarch Constantine VI, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, from Istanbul.
Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the new government pursued aggressive secularization and nationalization policies. On January 30, 1925, Patriarch Constantine VI was declared persona non grata and forced to leave Istanbul. He was relocated to the nearby Princes’ Islands, effectively severing the historic seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate from its traditional base. This expulsion reflected Ankara’s determination to curtail foreign influence in religious affairs and assert state control over religious institutions. The move drew protests from Orthodox Christian communities worldwide, who saw it as an infringement on religious freedom. It underscored the tension between the Republic’s modernization efforts and the centuries-old religious heritage of the city. The event foreshadowed further restrictions on non-Muslim minorities throughout the decade.
1925
Turkey
Patriarch Constantine VI
Istanbul