January 19

Auguste Comte (1798–1857) was a French thinker who established the discipline of sociology and pioneered the philosophy of positivism. He argued that human knowledge progresses through theological, metaphysical, and positive stages, advocating scientific approaches to social phenomena. Comte's 'Course of Positive Philosophy' laid the groundwork for modern social sciences, while his classification of sciences influenced academic methodologies. He also proposed the 'Religion of Humanity' as a secular moral framework. Comte's ideas shaped 19th-century intellectual thought and continue to impact sociology and philosophy today.

Lysander Spooner (1808–1887) was an American philosopher, abolitionist, and legal theorist whose writings challenged the morality and legality of slavery. In works like 'The Unconstitutionality of Slavery,' he argued that no government could lawfully enforce human bondage. Spooner also founded the American Letter Mail Company, disrupting the U.S. Postal Service with lower rates and improved service. His anarchist-leaning theories on individual sovereignty and voluntary contracts influenced later libertarian thought. A prolific author and entrepreneur, Spooner's life embodied a radical commitment to personal freedom and justice.

Revel studied philosophy and became a prominent intellectual in post-war France. He authored influential works including the bestseller 'Without Marx or Jesus'. Revel served as director of the French edition of Reader's Digest and president of the UNESCO General Conference. His writings challenged totalitarian ideologies and defended individual liberty and free market principles. He received numerous honors for his contributions to political thought and human rights. Revel's clear prose and incisive analysis left a lasting mark on contemporary philosophy.